Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels from existing vessels, studied in both normal processes and tumours.
Explore →ELUCENIA / Scientific glossary
Scientific glossary
Definitions with applications, important distinctions and connections to cancer research.
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Apoptosis
A regulated form of cell death involved in tissue maintenance and investigated in cancer biology.
Explore →Biomarker
A measurable characteristic used as an indicator of a biological process, disease or response to an exposure.
Explore →CAR T-cell therapy
A strategy that modifies T lymphocytes to recognise a target through a chimeric antigen receptor.
Explore →Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA)
DNA fragments originating from a tumour that may be found in the circulation and analysed using specific methods.
Explore →Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from their original site to another part of the body, where they may form new lesions.
Explore →Minimal or measurable residual disease
A small amount of disease that remains and can be investigated with sensitive methods after an intervention or at a defined time.
Explore →Oncogene
A gene whose alteration or dysregulated activity can promote processes involved in cancer formation and growth.
Explore →Overall survival
Time until death from any cause, measured from a starting point defined by the study.
Explore →Progression-free survival
Time until disease progression or death, according to protocol definitions and rules.
Explore →Tumour suppressor gene
A gene involved in mechanisms that limit uncontrolled growth or preserve cellular functioning.
Explore →Screening
Looking for signs of a disease in people without related symptoms, within a defined population and strategy.
Explore →Diagnostic accuracy
Measures describing how a test distinguishes a condition against a reference standard.
Explore →Positive predictive value
The proportion of people with the condition among those testing positive, using the defined reference.
Explore →Absolute risk
The probability of an event occurring in a population during a specified period.
Explore →Relative risk
The ratio of event risks in two groups over compatible observation periods.
Explore →Hazard ratio
A comparison of instantaneous event rates over time among people who remain at risk.
Explore →Confidence interval
A range produced by a statistical procedure to describe uncertainty under specified assumptions.
Explore →Randomized controlled trial
An interventional study that assigns participants to groups using a random allocation process specified in a protocol.
Explore →Systematic review
A review using explicit, systematic methods to locate, select, appraise and organize studies addressing a question.
Explore →Meta-analysis
A statistical combination of study estimates when their questions and data are sufficiently compatible.
Explore →Surrogate endpoint
A measure used in place of a clinical outcome, whose suitability depends on evidence of validation.
Explore →Prognostic biomarker
A characteristic associated with the likelihood of an outcome in a defined population and context.
Explore →Predictive biomarker
A characteristic identifying variation in response to an exposure or intervention in a defined context.
Explore →Somatic variant
A genetic alteration acquired in cells outside the germline.
Explore →Germline variant
A genetic variant in the germline that may be inherited or arise de novo and may have implications for relatives.
Explore →Tumour microenvironment
The cells, vessels, molecules and local conditions surrounding a tumour and interacting with it.
Explore →Stage and grade
Stage describes disease extent; grade describes tumour features according to the criteria of the classification used.
Explore →Real-world evidence
Evidence generated by analysing health data from routine practice to address a defined question.
Explore →External validation
Evaluation of performance using data other than those used to develop or tune a method.
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